# Bitcoin Rich List: Largest Addresses by Balance

> The Bitcoin rich list: top addresses by BTC balance, with first-seen and last-spent dates, 7 and 30-day changes, address type and exchange or custody labels.

Markdown copy of https://voltfincrypto.com/apps/bitcoin-rich-list

**Question:** Which Bitcoin addresses hold the most BTC?

- Kind: Table in Voltfin Strata
- Topic: [Bitcoin](https://voltfincrypto.com/topics/bitcoin)
- Chains: Bitcoin
- Status: Planned. The data is not published yet, so this page states no figure; each figure will open its receipt when it is.

The Bitcoin addresses that hold the most BTC are listed here by balance, read from the UTXO set at a pinned block, with when each first received coins, when it last spent, how its balance changed over 7 and 30 days and, where a public source supports it, who controls it.

An address is not a person. The largest addresses are mostly exchange cold wallets and custodians holding coins for many customers, and one owner can spread coins over many addresses. The table shows each address as it is and labels it only from published reserve lists, court records and similar sources, so it is a list of balances, not of wealth.

Sort by balance or by recent change and filter by label or by address type. Opening a row shows the unspent outputs that make up its balance and the block they were read at.

## Blueprint

One row: One row per Bitcoin address (output script) among the largest balances, at the latest day's last block

- **Rank** (`rank`): The address's position by balance on the table date.
- **Address** (`address`): The address, or the public key of a pay-to-public-key output, linked to its unspent outputs.
- **Label** (`label`): Who controls the address where a public source says so, such as an exchange's published reserves; empty otherwise.
- **Balance** (`balance`, BTC): The sum of the address's unspent outputs at the day's last block, as an exact amount.
- **Share of supply** (`share_of_supply`): Balance as a share of circulating supply at the same block.
- **7-day change** (`change_7d`, BTC): Balance change against the same address seven days earlier.
- **30-day change** (`change_30d`, BTC): Balance change against the same address 30 days earlier.
- **Type** (`script_type`): The output script type: P2PK, P2PKH, P2SH, P2WPKH, P2WSH or P2TR.
- **First seen** (`first_seen`): The date of the block in which the address first received coins.
- **Last spent** (`last_spent`): The date of the address's most recent spend, or empty if it has never spent.
- **Outputs** (`utxo_count`): How many unspent outputs make up the balance.
- **Receipt** (`receipt`): The block, its hash and the UTXO set read behind the row's balance.

## How it will be measured

- Balances are the sum of unspent outputs per address, that is per output script, in the UTXO set at the day's last block, kept in satoshis.
- First seen is the block in which an address first received an output; last spent is the block of its most recent spend, both read from the block history.
- Changes over 7 and 30 days compare each balance with the same address at the day-end blocks 7 and 30 days earlier.
- Labels come only from the address label registry, each with its public source, such as an exchange's published reserve addresses or a court filing.
- Pay-to-public-key outputs, which have no address of their own, are listed under their public key and marked as such.

## Data it needs

- `address_labels` (to build): Labels for known addresses: exchanges, bridges, protocols, funds, treasuries, sanctioned addresses and known attackers.
- `exchange_balances_daily` (to build): Balances held in labelled exchange wallets per asset, chain and exchange at day end, and net flows in and out.
- `bitcoin_supply_daily` (to build): Bitcoin issued, supply by coin age band and by output script type (including coins whose public keys are already exposed), supply last moved long ago, and cost-basis measures.
- Source: The UTXO set at each day's last block, aggregated by output script
- Source: First-received and last-spent heights per address, from the block history
- Source: Balances at the day-end blocks 7 and 30 days earlier, for the changes
- Source: The address label registry, each label with its public source

## Questions

### Who owns the richest Bitcoin address?

Usually an exchange or a custodian, holding coins in cold storage for its customers. The table shows a label only when a public source supports it, such as the exchange's own published reserve addresses; every other address is unlabelled.

### How much bitcoin does the largest address hold?

The table's first row shows it, read from the UTXO set at the day's last block. The balance changes whenever that address receives or spends coins, and the row's 7-day and 30-day changes show how recently it moved.

### Does the Bitcoin rich list show the richest people?

No. Addresses are not identities: one exchange address can hold coins for many customers, and a wealthy holder can spread coins across many addresses that no rule ties together reliably. The list ranks balances, not owners.

### Why do some top Bitcoin addresses never move?

Some are cold wallets that receive deposits and rarely spend; others belong to early holders, or to coins whose keys may be lost. The last-spent column shows when each address last moved coins out, which the chain records exactly.

## Glossary

- **UTXO**: An unspent transaction output: an amount of bitcoin locked to a script that has not been spent yet. An address's balance is the sum of its UTXOs.
- **Cold wallet**: An address whose keys are kept offline, used by exchanges and custodians to store most of the coins they hold.
- **Script type**: The form of an output's locking script, such as P2PKH, P2SH, P2WPKH, P2WSH or P2TR, which also sets the address format.

## Related apps

- [How Many Bitcoin Addresses Hold 1 BTC: Balance Distribution](https://voltfincrypto.com/apps/bitcoin-address-balance-distribution)
- [Bitcoin Whale Tracker: Large Transactions and Coin Age](https://voltfincrypto.com/apps/bitcoin-whale-transactions)
- [Who Owns the Most Bitcoin: Holder League Table](https://voltfincrypto.com/apps/who-owns-the-most-bitcoin)
- [Bitcoin Exchange Reserves and Netflows](https://voltfincrypto.com/apps/bitcoin-exchange-reserves)
- [ETH Rich List: Top Ethereum Addresses by Balance](https://voltfincrypto.com/apps/eth-rich-list)
- [Bitcoin Halving Countdown and Block Reward](https://voltfincrypto.com/apps/bitcoin-halving-countdown)

Build it in Voltfin Studio: https://app.voltfincrypto.com/signup?next=%2F