Who Owns the Most Bitcoin: Holder League Table
A dated ranking of the largest bitcoin holder groups, from spot ETFs and companies to governments, exchanges and early miners, each sourced.
BitcoinTable · StrataPlanned
Government Bitcoin Holdings and the US Strategic Bitcoin Reserve
How much bitcoin do governments hold, and have their wallets moved?
Governments known to hold bitcoin, what their statements and court records show, the addresses tied to them and whether those coins moved.
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Blueprint
What the table will hold.
The table as it will open in Strata. Each figure is named here and arrives with its receipt; until its data is published, its place stays empty.
One row One row per government on the latest day, with the addresses tied to it listed in the rowSorted by Reported, highest first
| Government | How acquired | ReportedBTC | On-chain balanceBTC | Addresses | Subject to claimsBTC | Last moved | Policy | As of | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
- Government government Text
- The country or government body holding the coins, such as a treasury, a central bank or a law enforcement agency.
- How acquired acquired_by Text
- Seizure and forfeiture, purchase or mining, as the government's own records describe it.
- Reported reported_holdings Exact amount
- Bitcoin held as stated in the latest official statement or court record, as an exact amount.
- On-chain balance onchain_balance Exact amount
- Balance of the addresses tied to the government by court records or official statements, at the day's last block.
- Addresses addresses Number
- How many addresses the records tie to the government, each linked from the row.
- Subject to claims subject_to_claims Exact amount
- Coins a court record says may be returned to victims or claimants rather than kept, where it says so.
- Last moved last_moved Date
- The date of the most recent spend from any tied address, or empty if none has spent since it was tied.
- Policy reserve_policy Text
- Whether the government holds the coins as a reserve, sells them or has no stated policy, from its official statements.
- As of as_of Date
- The date of the record behind the reported holdings.
- Source source Link
- The statement, disclosure or court record behind the reported figure.
Filter by How acquired, Policy.
About
What it answers, and for whom.
Governments hold bitcoin mostly from seizures and forfeitures, and a few from purchases or mining. This table lists each one with the amount its official statements or court records support, the addresses tied to those coins and whether the coins have moved. The US Strategic Bitcoin Reserve, created by executive order in March 2025 and funded with forfeited bitcoin, is one row among them.
Government holdings are hard to pin down: few governments publish addresses, forfeiture cases take years and seized coins can be returned to victims or sold. Each row therefore separates what is on-chain, meaning the balance of addresses named in court records or official statements, from what is only reported. It cites the document and date behind every figure.
Sort by holdings or filter by how the coins were obtained or by stated policy. Opening a row shows its addresses, their balances and the block in which each of them last moved.
Method
How it will be measured.
Every figure will be read at a block, kept with its source and its exact read, and open a receipt anyone can re-check.
How receipts work →- Reported holdings come from official statements, treasury and budget disclosures and court records, each recorded with the document and its date.
- On-chain balances are read only for addresses that a court record or an official statement ties to the government, from the UTXO set at the day's last block.
- Last movement is the most recent block in which any of those addresses spent coins, with the transaction and where the coins went, labelled where a public source supports it.
- Holdings are never estimated from unattributed wallets; a government with no disclosure or court record of addresses shows a reported amount only, with its source.
The data it needs
Chain data, with some off-chain sources
- treasury_holdingsTo buildCorporate and public treasuriesCrypto held by public companies, treasury companies and governments, from filings, with on-chain addresses where disclosed.
- address_labelsTo buildAddress labelsLabels for known addresses: exchanges, bridges, protocols, funds, treasuries, sanctioned addresses and known attackers.
- whale_transfersTo buildLarge transfersTransfers above a size threshold per token and chain, with sender and receiver labels (exchange, fund, bridge, unknown).
- Official statements, treasury disclosures and court records naming holdings or addresses, each recorded with its source and date
- Balances of court-named and officially disclosed addresses at the day's last block
- Spends from those addresses, with the transaction, the block and the next destination
- Forfeiture case status per address from court dockets, recorded with its date
Questions
Questions people ask.
What is the US Strategic Bitcoin Reserve?
A reserve created by a US executive order in March 2025, made up of bitcoin the federal government holds from criminal and civil forfeitures. The order directs that those coins be kept rather than sold, and asks for budget-neutral ways to add more.
How much bitcoin does the US government own?
No single official figure covers it. The table shows the coins that court records and official statements attribute to US agencies and the balances of the addresses they name. It also shows which seized coins may still be returned to victims rather than kept.
Which countries hold bitcoin?
Governments known to hold bitcoin include some that seized it in criminal cases, such as the United States and the United Kingdom, and a few that bought or mined it, such as El Salvador and Bhutan. The table lists every government with a public record of holdings and the source for each.
Do governments sell the bitcoin they seize?
Some do. Seized coins can be auctioned, sold through an exchange or returned to victims once a case ends. When an address tied to a government spends, the table records the block, the amount and where the coins went, so a sale or transfer shows up when it happens.
Why do estimates of government bitcoin holdings differ?
Because the sources differ. Some count only coins in addresses named in court records. Others add coins reported as seized but not yet forfeited, or include coins owed back to victims. The table keeps those categories in separate columns and cites each.
- Forfeiture
- The legal transfer of seized property to the government at the end of a court case. Seized coins may be forfeited, returned or sold.
- Seized bitcoin
- Coins taken into government control during an investigation, before a court decides whether they are forfeited or returned.
- Strategic reserve
- Holdings a government keeps as a long-term asset rather than selling, such as the US reserve of forfeited bitcoin.
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