# Ink Chain Stats: Activity, Gas and DeFi on Kraken's Layer 2

> Ink chain stats by day: transactions, active addresses and gas on Kraken's OP Stack layer 2, gas repaid in stablecoins through its paymaster and DeFi volume.

Markdown copy of https://voltfincrypto.com/apps/ink-chain-stats

**Question:** How busy is Ink, how often is its gas paid in stablecoins and how much DeFi runs on it?

- Kind: Dashboard in Voltfin Vantage
- Topic: [Layer 2s](https://voltfincrypto.com/topics/layer-2)
- Chains: Ink, Ethereum
- Status: Planned. The data is not published yet, so this page states no figure; each figure will open its receipt when it is.

Ink is the Ethereum layer 2 that Kraken built on the OP Stack, a member of the Superchain designed as a home for DeFi, with one-second blocks. This dashboard reads its blocks for daily transactions, active addresses and fees, along with what Ink pays Ethereum to post its data and state.

Two features shape its activity. Ink's paymaster lets ERC-4337 smart accounts repay gas in USDC, USDT0 or USDG while the paymaster settles in ETH, and Kraken's exchange moves customer funds on and off the chain. The dashboard counts paymaster operations from the EntryPoint contracts and measures flows between Ink and Kraken's publicly identified wallets.

A DeFi page follows swap volume and lending on the apps that run on Ink, each read from the apps' own contract events and valued with stablecoin legs and oracle prices.

## Blueprint

### Activity and gas

Transactions, active addresses and gas on Ink, with stablecoin-paid operations.

- **Transactions, latest day** (count): Transactions in Ink blocks on the latest complete UTC day, leaving out the L1 attributes deposit that opens each block.
- **Active addresses, latest day** (count): Distinct addresses that sent at least one transaction on Ink on the latest complete UTC day.
- **Stablecoin-paid operations, latest day** (count): Smart account operations on the latest complete day whose gas Ink's paymaster paid in ETH and the account repaid in a stablecoin.
- **Median transaction fee** (USD): The median fee paid per transaction on Ink on the latest complete day, including the L1 data fee.
- **Transactions and active addresses by day** (count): Daily transactions and daily active addresses on Ink over the selected period.

### DeFi and Kraken flows

Swaps, lending and the movement of funds between Ink and Kraken.

- **DEX volume, latest day** (USD): Swap volume on Ink's DEXs on the latest complete day, from their Swap events.
- **Supplied to lending markets** (USD): Assets supplied to lending markets on Ink at the latest day-end block, valued with oracle prices.
- **Kraken deposits and withdrawals** (USD): Daily value moved from Kraken's identified wallets to Ink addresses and back, for ETH and stablecoins.
- **DeFi apps on Ink**: Each DEX and lending market on Ink with its volume or deposits over the selected period and its share of the chain's total.

Filters: Period (Last week, month, quarter or year).

## How it will be measured

- Transactions and active addresses are counted per UTC day from Ink blocks, leaving out the L1 attributes deposit that opens each block.
- Fees are gas used times effective gas price plus the L1 data fee and operator fee from receipts; the base fee is paid into a fee vault, as on every OP Stack chain.
- Paymaster operations are UserOperationEvent logs of the v0.7 and v0.8 EntryPoint contracts whose paymaster is Ink's, with the stablecoin each account repaid in from its transfer logs.
- Exchange flows are transfers between Ink addresses and Kraken wallets identified by public disclosures; transfers to unlabelled addresses are never counted as exchange flows.
- Swap and lending figures are decoded from DEX Swap events and lending market events on Ink.

## Data it needs

- `chain_activity_daily` (to build): Transactions, active sending addresses, new addresses, contracts created and gas used on each chain per day, counted from blocks and transactions.
- `chain_fees_daily` (to build): Fees paid per chain per day in the native token: base fee and priority fee percentiles, total fees, and the share burned where the chain burns fees.
- `l2_activity_daily` (to build): Per layer 2 per day: transactions, active addresses, fees users paid on the L2, and what the L2 paid Ethereum to settle and post data.
- `exchange_balances_daily` (to build): Balances held in labelled exchange wallets per asset, chain and exchange at day end, and net flows in and out.
- `dex_swaps_daily` (to build): Swap counts and volume per DEX, pool and chain per day, decoded from Swap events, valued with stablecoin legs and oracle prices.
- `lending_markets_daily` (to build): Supply, borrow, utilization and rates per lending market (Aave, Morpho, Spark, Compound, Euler and others) at day end.
- Source: Ink blocks and receipts: gas used, effective gas price, l1Fee and operator fee
- Source: UserOperationEvent logs of the v0.7 and v0.8 EntryPoint contracts on Ink, filtered to Ink's paymaster
- Source: Stablecoin transfers from smart accounts to the paymaster, for the token each operation repaid in
- Source: Transfers between Ink addresses and publicly identified Kraken wallets
- Source: DEX Swap events and lending market events on Ink
- Source: Ink batcher blob transactions and dispute game transactions on Ethereum
- Source: Chainlink ETH/USD at day-end blocks

## Questions

### What is Ink?

Ink is an Ethereum layer 2 built by Kraken on the OP Stack. It is part of the Superchain and shares its upgrades, charges gas in ETH and produces a block every second. Kraken designed it as a home for DeFi apps.

### Can I pay gas on Ink with stablecoins?

Yes, through Ink's paymaster, if you use an ERC-4337 smart account. The paymaster pays the gas in ETH and bills the account in USDC, USDT0 or USDG, depending on the EntryPoint version. ETH remains Ink's gas token.

### How is Ink connected to Kraken?

Kraken built Ink and lets customers move funds between its exchange and the chain. The dashboard shows transfers between Ink and Kraken's publicly identified wallets as their own flow, so exchange deposits and withdrawals are not mistaken for on-chain trading.

### Does Ink burn fees?

No. As on other OP Stack chains, Ink's base fee is paid into a fee vault rather than burned, and as a Superchain member Ink pays part of its sequencer revenue to the Optimism Collective.

## Glossary

- **Paymaster**: A contract that pays gas for a smart account and is repaid by it, on Ink in a stablecoin.
- **EntryPoint**: The ERC-4337 contract that validates and runs smart account operations; each version has its own address.
- **USDT0**: A cross-chain form of USDT, moved between chains by burning and minting, which Ink's paymaster accepts for gas.

## Related apps

- [OP Stack Chains: The Superchain List Compared](https://voltfincrypto.com/apps/op-stack-superchain-chains)
- [Unichain Stats: Transactions, Gas and Uniswap Trading](https://voltfincrypto.com/apps/unichain-stats)
- [Base Chain Stats: Transactions, Users and Fees](https://voltfincrypto.com/apps/base-chain-stats)
- [DEX Volume by Chain and Protocol](https://voltfincrypto.com/apps/dex-volume-by-chain)
- [Ethereum L2 Fees Compared: Cost per Transaction](https://voltfincrypto.com/apps/ethereum-l2-fees)
- [Ethereum TPS: Mainnet and Layer 2 Transactions per Second](https://voltfincrypto.com/apps/ethereum-tps)

Build it in Voltfin Studio: https://app.voltfincrypto.com/signup?next=%2F