User fees, 30 days
USDFees users paid across covered layer 2s over the last 30 days.
Dashboard · VantagePlanned
L2 Profitability: Fees Earned vs Costs Paid to Ethereum
How much does each Ethereum layer 2 earn from user fees, and how much does it pay Ethereum?
Fees each Ethereum layer 2 collects from users against what it pays Ethereum for data and proofs, with the margin left, by day and chain.
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Blueprint
What the dashboard will show.
The dashboard as it will open in Vantage. Each figure is named here and arrives with its receipt; until its data is published, its place stays empty.
Overview
Revenue, costs and margin across covered layer 2s.
Paid to Ethereum, 30 days
USDWhat the same layer 2s paid Ethereum for data and settlement over the last 30 days.
On-chain margin, 30 days
USDUser fees minus Ethereum costs across covered layer 2s over the last 30 days.
Costs as a share of fees
%Ethereum costs divided by user fees across covered layer 2s over the last 30 days.
Revenue, costs and margin by layer 2
USDFor each covered layer 2 over the selected period: fees users paid, costs paid to Ethereum and the margin between them.
By chain
One layer 2's revenue and costs over time.
Margin for this L2
USDThe chosen layer 2's user fees minus its Ethereum costs over the selected period.
Margin rate
%The chosen layer 2's margin as a share of its user fees over the selected period.
Ethereum costs by kind
The chosen layer 2's Ethereum costs split into blob fees, calldata gas and settlement or proof gas.
Revenue and costs by day
USDThe chosen layer 2's daily user fees and daily Ethereum costs, with the margin between them.
- Layer 2
- Every covered layer 2
- Period
- Last 30 days, quarter or year
About
What it answers, and for whom.
A layer 2 collects fees from its users and pays Ethereum to publish its data and settle its state. The difference is the on-chain margin the rollup keeps. This dashboard measures both sides for each covered layer 2, from the fees in its receipts and fee vaults and from its batch and proof transactions on Ethereum.
The margin here is an on-chain measure. It leaves out costs that never touch the chain, such as running the sequencer, proving hardware and revenue-sharing agreements, so it is the gross margin on block space, not a company's profit.
Use it to compare how rollups price their block space, to see how blob prices change what they pay Ethereum or to follow one chain's economics over time. Every figure names the transactions and blocks it was summed from.
Method
How it will be measured.
Every figure will be read at a block, kept with its source and its exact read, and open a receipt anyone can re-check.
How receipts work →- Revenue is the fees users paid on each layer 2: gas_used times effective_gas_price, plus L1 data and operator fees on OP Stack chains, summed per UTC day and checked against fee vault balances where the stack has them.
- Costs are the gas and blob fees of each rollup's batch, state and proof transactions on Ethereum, identified by batcher, inbox, proposer and verifier addresses in a maintained registry.
- The margin is revenue minus those costs, both in ETH, converted to USD with the Chainlink ETH/USD feed at each day-end block.
- Chains whose users pay fees in another token are valued at an on-chain price where one exists, and their margin is left missing where none does, rather than estimated.
The data it needs
Read from chain state and history
- l2_activity_dailyTo buildLayer 2 activity and costsPer layer 2 per day: transactions, active addresses, fees users paid on the L2, and what the L2 paid Ethereum to settle and post data.
- blob_usage_dailyTo buildBlob usage and blob feesEIP-4844 blobs posted per day, blob gas used, blob base fee, and the rollup that posted them.
- native_prices_dailyTo buildOracle prices by dayReference prices of major assets read from on-chain oracle feeds (Chainlink latestRoundData) at each day's last block, with each round's update time.
- Layer 2 user fees per day: gas_used times effective_gas_price plus L1 data and operator fees from receipts
- OP Stack fee vault balances and withdrawals: SequencerFeeVault, BaseFeeVault, L1FeeVault and OperatorFeeVault
- Ethereum gas and blob fees of each rollup's batcher, proposer and verifier transactions, such as Base's batch inbox and Arbitrum's SequencerInbox
- Chainlink ETH/USD latestRoundData at day-end blocks
Questions
Questions people ask.
How do layer 2s make money?
They charge users fees for block space, set above what it costs them to publish data and proofs to Ethereum. The difference goes to the chain's operator, and priority fees add to it when blocks are busy.
What do layer 2s pay Ethereum for?
For two things. One is publishing transaction data, in blobs or calldata. The other is settling state, through state proposals, fraud-proof games or validity proofs verified on Ethereum. Both are ordinary Ethereum transactions, so their fees can be read exactly.
Is a layer 2's margin the same as its profit?
No. The on-chain margin leaves out sequencer hosting, proving hardware, staff and any revenue shares a chain pays under agreements made off-chain. It shows how block space is priced against its Ethereum cost, not a company's earnings.
Why do rollup costs fall when blob capacity rises?
When blob space is plentiful, the blob base fee falls toward its floor and the cost of posting a batch falls with it. Rollups then pay Ethereum less for the same data, which the cost chart shows day by day.
- Sequencer revenue
- The fees a layer 2's sequencer collects from users for including their transactions.
- Settlement cost
- What a rollup pays on Ethereum to post its state and proofs, separate from the cost of posting data.
- On-chain margin
- Fees collected on the layer 2 minus fees paid to Ethereum, both read from transactions.
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